1. Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP):

• Change: The Migrant Protection Protocols, also known as the "Remain in Mexico" policy, was implemented in 2019. It required individuals seeking asylum at the U.S.-Mexico border to wait in Mexico for their immigration court hearings.

• Impact: MPP faced criticism for exposing vulnerable individuals and families to unsafe conditions in Mexico. It led to challenges in accessing legal representation and contributed to extended processing times.

2. "Zero Tolerance" Policy:

• Change: In 2018, the U.S. government implemented the "zero tolerance" policy, resulting in the separation of thousands of migrant children from their parents or guardians at the U.S.-Mexico border.

• Impact: The policy sparked widespread outrage and condemnation for its effects on children's well-being and emotional health. Legal and human rights organizations protested the practice, leading to its reversal.

3. Asylum Cooperative Agreements:

• Change: The U.S. signed agreements with several countries, including Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, allowing asylum seekers to be sent to those countries to seek asylum there instead of in the United States.

• Impact: Critics argue that these agreements place vulnerable individuals at risk in countries with ongoing violence and weak asylum systems. The policy has also raised legal and humanitarian concerns.

4. Changes in Eligibility Criteria:

• Change: There have been efforts to narrow the eligibility criteria for asylum. Stricter guidelines and requirements have been proposed to limit who can apply and be granted asylum.

• Impact: Such changes can make it more challenging for those fleeing persecution to seek and obtain asylum in the U.S., potentially forcing them to remain in dangerous situations.

5. Refugee Admissions Cap:

• Change: The refugee admissions cap is set annually by the President. In recent years, the cap was significantly reduced from historical levels.

• Impact: Lower caps mean fewer refugees are admitted into the U.S., limiting the number of people who can find safety and rebuild their lives.

6. COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions:

• Change: The COVID-19 pandemic led to temporary restrictions on asylum processing and border crossings. Measures like Title 42 allowed for the immediate expulsion of individuals arriving at the border.

• Impact: These measures raised concerns about violating asylum and human rights obligations, leaving individuals in precarious situations.

The changes in asylum and refugee policies have had a direct and profound impact on individuals seeking protection in the United States. Some of these changes have made the process more challenging, increased the vulnerability of asylum seekers, and limited access to legal channels for pursuing asylum. These evolving policies have been a subject of debate, with advocates for more compassionate and open approaches emphasizing the importance of upholding international human rights obligations and providing sanctuary for those in need.