United Nations (UN):

1. Peace and Security:

   • Functions: The UN is central to the maintenance of international peace and security. It facilitates diplomatic negotiations, deploys peacekeeping forces, and addresses conflicts through the Security Council.
   • Effectiveness: While the UN has been successful in some peacekeeping missions, challenges persist, and its effectiveness is often limited by geopolitical interests and the Security Council's structure.

2. Human Rights:

   • Functions: The UN promotes and protects human rights globally. It establishes standards, monitors violations, and provides a platform for international dialogue on human rights issues.
   • Effectiveness: The UN has made significant contributions to human rights, but challenges arise when member states with poor human rights records resist scrutiny.

3. Sustainable Development:

   • Functions: Through agencies like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the UN focuses on global development goals, poverty reduction, and sustainable development initiatives.
   • Effectiveness: Progress has been made, but challenges persist, including funding gaps and the need for greater coordination among member states.

4. Climate Change:

   • Functions: The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) coordinates global efforts to address climate change, hosting annual conferences like COP26.
   • Effectiveness: While progress is slow, the UN has been instrumental in fostering international cooperation, agreements, and commitments to combat climate change.

World Health Organization (WHO):

1. Disease Prevention and Control:

   • Functions: The WHO plays a vital role in coordinating global responses to health emergencies, setting standards for disease control, and facilitating research collaboration.
   • Effectiveness: The WHO has been instrumental in managing various health crises, but challenges include funding gaps, political pressure, and the need for reform.

2. Health Policy and Guidelines:

   • Functions: The WHO establishes international health guidelines, provides technical assistance to countries, and works to improve health systems globally.
   • Effectiveness: The WHO's impact is significant, but its ability to enforce guidelines is constrained by national sovereignty and varying levels of compliance.

3. Vaccine Distribution:

   • Functions: The WHO, along with partners like Gavi and CEPI, is involved in equitable vaccine distribution, particularly in low-income countries.
   • Effectiveness: Challenges include vaccine supply issues, logistical complexities, and the need for greater international collaboration.

Other International Organizations:

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank:

   • Functions: The IMF and World Bank focus on global economic stability, providing financial assistance to countries in need and supporting development projects.
   • Effectiveness: While they have been influential, criticisms include concerns about conditionality and the impact of policies on developing nations.

2. World Trade Organization (WTO):

   • Functions: The WTO facilitates international trade negotiations, sets trade rules, and resolves disputes among member states.
   • Effectiveness: Challenges include stalled negotiations, disputes among major economies, and questions about adaptability to contemporary trade issues.